Uvod Essays (9689 words) - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Uvod Tema moga rada je Historija farmacije. U skladu s time, koriste?i se knjigom History of medicine (Povijest medicine) kao glavnom vodiljom, pisati ?u zaraznim bolestima i njihovim uzro?nicima te se tako nadovezati na eksplikaciju pojmova virus, viroid i prion te o morfologiji i osobinama istih. U sredi?njem dijelu bit ?e rije?i o povijesnom pregledu najupe?atljivijih farmakologa, mikrobiologa, bakteriologa tj. ljudi koji su otvorili vrata polju virologije. Osvrnut ?u se na istra?iva?e spomenute u glavnoj literaturi te na jo? neke istra?iva?e i njihova istra?ivanja. To su: Celsus, Loius Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Adolf Eduard Mayer, Martinus Beijerinck i Dimitrij Ivanovski, Friedrich Loeffler, Paul Frosch, Frederick William Twort, Felix d'Hrelle, Paul de Kruif, Stanley B. Prusiner, Carleton Gajdusek... Kada govorimo o farmaciji, moramo spomenuti i lijekove te tako u posljednjem poglavlju obra?ujem tu temu. Jo? od anti?ke tradicije ljudi su se bavili popisivanjem lijekova, opisivali njihova svojstva i djelovanje. Povijest farmacije je op?irna tema kojoj zasigurno ne?e biti dosta nekoliko stranica ovog seminara da bih ju pokrila kako joj prili?i, no potrudit ?u se dati ?to bolji osnovan osvrt na zadanu temu. Prvo je va?no upoznati se s terminom farmacija. Farmacija je ukupnost znanja o poznavanju, prire?ivanju, ispitivanju i ?uvanju lijekova (9). Farmaceutska profesija (Slika 1) povezuje se sa farmakologijom kao dijelom medicine koja prou?ava djelovanje lijekova na organizam i farmakopejom koja predstavlja ukupnost propisa o pripravljanju i postupanju s lijekovima. Mnogo je podru?ja koja farmacija prou?ava, a neka od njih su: 1. Farmaceutska kemija 2. Farmaceutska tehnologija 3. Farmakologija 4. Toksikologija 5. Klini?ka farmacija (13) Sl. 1 Me?unarodni simbol farmaceutske profesije [pic] (http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmacija) 1. Zarazne bolesti Izme?u zdravlja i bolesti nema o?trih granica pa ni jasnih razgrani?enja me?u razli?itim stupnjevima sposobnosti. Bolesti uzrokovane zaraznim mikroorganizmima (od gr?kih rije?i micros, ?to zna?i mali, si?u?an i organon koja ozna?ava odijeljeni dio tijela) (mikrobi - od gr?ke rije?i micros, te rije?i bios, ?to zna?i ?ivot) zovu se zaraznim (infekcijskim) bolestima (4). Uzro?nici prodru u tijelo i mogu izravno o?tetiti organe ili mogu to u?initi otrovima koje izlu?uju pa o?te?enja tkiva ili organa zna?e bolest. Ipak, uzro?nici mogu u?i u ?ovjekovo tijelo, a da ne prouzro?e bolest, premda postoji zaraza (infekcija). Njih nazivamo klicono?ama (onaj koji u sebi nosi zarazne klice, onaj koji raznosi klice). 1. Op?enito o zaraznim bolestima Za postanak zarazne bolesti moraju postojati uzro?nik, izvor zaraze, mogu?nost prijenosa uzro?nika od izvora zaraze do ?ovjeka te ?ovjekova sklonost obolijevanju od zarazne bolesti. Zaraza se mo?e prenositi zrakom, slinom, doticajem one?ienim rukama i predmetima te hranom ili vodom u koju su dospjeli mikroorganizmi. Zarazu ?ovjeku mogu prenijeti i ?ivotinje. Zarazne bolesti uvijek nastaju kad se poremeti ravnote?a izme?u patogenih uzro?nika i obrambenih snaga tijela (3). 2. Uzro?nici zaraznih bolesti i bolesti koje uzrokuju Uzro?nici zaraznih bolesti prema biologijskim osobinama pripadaju razli?itim skupinama ?ivih bi?a, i to su bakterije, virusi, protozoe, gljivice i crvi. Mnogi su mikroorganizmi potrebni. Neki ?ak i prirodno ?ive u ?ovjekovu tijelu (saprofiti). Mikroorganizmi su sposobni uzrokovati zarazne bolesti (patogeni uzro?nici) i takvi su obi?no nevidljivi prostim okom i promatraju se mikroskopom. |Skupina uzro?nika |Bolesti | |Streptokoki |Streptokokne bolesti: angina, | | |?arlah, crveni vjetar, streptokokna| |Meningokoki |sepsa | | | | |Pneumokoki |Upala mozgovnica, meningokokna | | |sepsa | |Ostali | | | |Upala plu?a i druge upale | | | | | |Difterija, trbu?ni tifus, | | |dizenterija, bruceloza, crni pri?t,| |Bakterije |kolera, tetanus, itd. | | | | | |Gripa, kozice, crljenac, zau?njaci,| | |velike boginje, ospice, vakcina, | |Virusi |psitakoza i omitoza, dje?ja kljenut| | |(poliomijelitis), razli?ite upale | | |mozga, papata?i groznica itd. | |Spirohete |Leptospiroze, povratni tifus, | | |sifilis | |Rikecije |Pjegavac, Q-groznica | |Protozoa |Malarija, amebijaza, leishmanijaza,| | |tripanosomijaza | |Gljivice |Aktinomikoza, blastomikoza, | | |sporotrihoza, monilijaza, | | |histoplasmoza itd. | |Nametnici metazoa |Gliste, trakavice (ehinokok), | | |trihinoza itd. | (7) 2. Nevidljivi mikrobi i virologija - povijesni pregled Razvoj virologije vezan je uz mnoge uporne znanstvenike, istra?iva?e koji su svojim radom doprinijeli pojedinoj povijesnoj eri. Puno prije nego ?to su znanstvenici mogli definirati prirodu specifi?nih virusa, virusne bolesti poput kozica i bjesno?e omogu?ile su zna?ajne i dramati?ne uzorke potencijalne preventivne inokulacije (tj. bakterizacije). Zbog zna?ajne promjene rije?i virus u posljednja dva tisu?lje?a, moderni ?e ?itatelj najvjerojatnije biti zbunjen pri pronalasku tog termina u starim tekstovima. Prvi i najop?enitije zna?enje virusa bilo je da je sluzav, vjerojatno neugodan, ali ne i nu?no opasan. Ipak, latinski su prevoditelji puno puta koristili taj izraz sa implikacijama da je virus ne?to otrovno, ne?to ?tetno za zdravlje ili nekakva misteriozna, nepoznata zarazna tvar. Prema tome su i rimski pisac Celsus i Loius Pasteur mogli pri?ati o virusu bjesno?e. Celsus (25.pr. Kr.-50.) je najpoznatiji po svojem djelu O medicini napisanoj u osam knjiga. Primarni je izvor o prehrani, farmaciji i operaciji. O virusu se pri?alo sve

How to Write a Philosophy Research Paper

How to Write a Philosophy Research Paper For Philosophy research papers, a detailed and prolonged study is required in order for an individual to handle these. In the advent of compiling a philosophy paper, the use of arguments is a great source of fun since the philosophy is entirely about peoples’ arguments on various topics. Generally, the first step towards handling a philosophy paper is thorough reading of ancient documents on the given topic, long before tackling the proposed paper. This gives a basic understanding of the topic at hand, hence, giving a clear picture of the existing philosophy. Reading long before tackling a particular philosophy topic helps in a proper reflection of the topic and, as a result, there is improvement in the overall quality of the paper tackled by such an individual. In addition, details of the various sources that were used, while obtaining the particular philosophical information, should be kept on record. This is done for the purpose of doing future research on the topic. The next step in writing a philosophy research paper is the outlining of the ideas presented. This is crucial in that it helps in the logical arrangement of philosophical ideas, so that they flow in the correct logical sequence, resulting in good work organization. In addition, logical presentation of ideas also results in a clear understanding of the topic by the reader. Reviewing the quality of the evidence to be given for personal interpretations and ideas is the third step in writing a quality philosophy research paper. This is because an individual is able to obtain and use strong evidence in the support of their arguments, hence their success in the exercise. The use of quality arguments is totally encouraged at this step of handling philosophical research papers. The forth step applied in handling a philosophical paper is ensuring that all the sentences are logical, precise and clear. This ensures a good flow of the presented arguments by the user. Since current research states that all philosophical documents must follow a specific format, the use of poor logic would result in poor performance, or disqualification, in the case of the philosophical document. The fifth step followed in handling a Philosophy research paper includes the provision of both primary, as well as secondary sources for the document at hand. Finally, the philosophical document is then reviewed several times before being handed in for marking. There is, as well, the additional possibility for you to order an effective research paper in philosophy that can be written for you, by a custom agency, online. Simply input the details of your future paper, instructions and requirements on the order form and stand aside. Your paper will be then completed and sent to you.

Gross Motor Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Gross Motor Activities - Essay Example Several activities go around in the child neighborhood; for example, there are manufacturing companies, construction companies, street clubs, schools, colleges and shopping malls among others. Most of the families that stay in the region love intermingling with each other, that is evident by the several social and support groups in the area. Children are often taken for a get-together party twice in a month, a place where they get to play and extensively interact with one another. The preschool that Brian attends is a private institution that is sponsored by the Catholic Church. Most of the children in the preschool mare aged between 3-4 years and they attend the school two days in a week and three days in a week respectively. Brian has a got a dog pet named boxy, which he stated that he loves its company and plays with it a lot. In essence, Brian is a charming and active child in the family who is dedicated to performing activities that are within his reach. Â  After obtaining consent from Brian’s Parents and permission from the school administration to perform my follow up on Brian, I began my case study at home and in school. In school, Brian is in the middle range of height among other pupils and sits in the front, the middle row in class. It can be stated that Brian is physically fit, this in relation to the various activities that the child is performing. For example, Brian can run around the classroom, arrange toys, push some objects that are about 3kg, jump and play some wrestling games with friends for a couple of minutes. A child who is physically fit is the one who can perform such activities; moreover, there is no physical deformity that Brian has. Â  Gross motor activities are those activities or movements that involve the use of the large muscle in the body such as of the hands, thighs, legs, and neck. It is imperative to note that the development of Gross motor activity begins as soon as a child is born.

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

International Business - Essay Example Modern society belong to the world of globalization and liberalization. Most of the countries changed the rules and regulations to accommodate Globalization and Liberalization. The boundaries of such countries are open to MNC’s irrespective of their origin or culture. But the main problem is such MNC’s have monopolized the market and small companies found it extremely difficult to survive in the market. The entry of MNC’s mostly welcomed by the consumers since they are getting quality products at affordable prices. But the small local companies are unanimously opposing the entry of MNC’s because of their inability to compete with the MNC’s. Now the question is how far a government can open their doors for the MNC’s? Can a government keep a blind eye towards the needs of small local companies? How can a government protect the interest of small local companies after signing agreements with regional trading blocs? â€Å"Regional integration agreements (RIA), also known as regional trading blocs, have become one of the major international relations developments in recent years. Most industrial or developing nations belong to one or more RIAs, and there are many. It has been said that more than one third of all world trade takes place within RIAs and that percentage increases daily. The merits and demerits of foreign culture will be induced through the MNC’s which will be a threat to the tradition and culture of the country.

Making Solar Energy Economical PowerPoint Presentation

Making Solar Energy Economical - PowerPoint Presentation Example The demand for energy is dependent on properties of conversion means, technologies, and costs. Human energy makes use of resources that can be depleted in particular fossil fuels derived from the preferences. Market forces and cartels may guide a transition back to sources that are renewable. Energy as such has its effects and they come in terms of very heavy environmental costs. At the end of it they are incorporated into the energy cost and prices leading to overuse of energy and motivate policy inventions. Focusing on human utilization of the energy commodities and energy resources and the aftermath of that utilization is the main discussion of many experts. From an economist’s perspective the economic terminology, â€Å"energy† is inclusive of all energy resources and energy resources that have significant amounts of physical energy and as such can perform work. Partly, the study focuses on forces that lead economic agents to pursue alternatives in terms of other ec onomically efficient provision and use of energy resources and commodities. The role of alternative energy market and regulatory rules on the activities of producing energy is a point of consideration for these studies. There is a kind of energy that can be replenished in a short period of time called renewable energy, which comes from sources that frequently being recycled and usually less polluting than energy from fossil fuels. There are five main categories of renewable energy: wind and solar, biomass, geothermal, hydropower among which the solar energy, provided by heat and sunlight, has been utilized least yet. However, solar energy holds a number of benefits for societies and it has already proven to have positive effects on residential homes and industrial applications. For many years, the economic choice of energy to use has been solar energy in many industries. In this areas power is required at remote locations without government help, as the vast majority of systems used need few kilowatts of power. Also, solar energy is frequently used on transportation signaling. For example, offshore navigation buoys, lighthouses, and increasingly, road traffic warning signals are using solar power due to its power saving efficiency. Solar power’s great benefit here is that it is highly reliable and requires little maintenance so it is ideal to use in places that are hard to access. Following are some details of the major advantages of solar energy. Primarily, as mentioned above, solar power is particularly useful in remote areas where it is lack of regular electricity supply. Moreover, a lot of greenhouse gases such as nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, mercury or sulphur dioxide that come from many traditional fuels have been kept from releasing into the atmosphere, and it greatly contributes to the decrease of harmful green house gas emissions. Accordingly, solar energy is extremely environmentally friendly. In addition, solar energy systems are free of c harge substantially on conservation and will last for a relatively long period. Once installed, there are no recurring costs. They do not require you to add any fuel. More solar panels can be set up in the future with your energy requirements increase. Energy security is the guarantee of a reliable and stable supply of energy at reasonable economic prices. Relying on main energy sources such as oil and

Theories in the marketing communication framework

Theories in the marketing communication framework According to Kotler (2003, p.563) A way of looking at the whole marketing process from the viewpoint of customer Fundamentally, marketing communication is the essential process to convey the message between corporations and consumers which is to make the target audience trust the brand and marketer Burnett (1993). It has the different methods to reach the audience but the main aim is to build the medium which can inform and persuade the consumers. Also, marketing communication is the method to establish the invisible relationship between firm and customers. To ensure the audience correctly received the message is primary step. By using marketing communication, consumers can understand about firms, products and brands (Kotler and Keller, 2006). One fact which needs to be noted is that the difference between advertising, marketing communication and promotion. It has been claimed that advertising is part of marketing mix which is wider and complex than advertising. However, it is hard t o distinguish the slight difference between. Therefore, they mean the same meaning in this report. Traditionally, there are several elements in the marketing communication which includes advertising, sales promotion, sponsorship, public relations, direct marketing, and personal selling (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Even though there has been divided into several elements to distinguish the difference. There is still some room which is overlapped. Hence, it shows the importance of integrated marketing communication. Moreover, it has been claimed that there are some tools which also can be in the marketing communication mix such as packaging, word of mouth, point of sales, E-marketing and exhibitions. It has been stated that there are two categories, namely, above the line and below the line. Above-the-line include advertising which needs to pay the space for promotion such as TV commercial, radio or newspaper and magazine of press. Below the line consist of sales promotion and publi c relations (Smith and Taylor, 2004). The main reason to choose integrated marketing mix is that the message and information can extensively reach the target audience by all channels as well as more suitable and effective methods to achieve marketing communication objectives. By multi-channels promotion, it increase the awareness of brand and comprehend the message. After this, the purchase action could be expected happen by consumers Patrick et al., 2004, Smith and Taylor, 2004) Hence, each marketing communication mix element has the particular function to promote the brand in marketing campaigns. Nowadays, TV commercial, sponsorship, sales promotion are popular and essential marketing communication tools to be used in beer promotion campaign. Also, it has been found that words of mouth play the major role to influence the some beer customer. These marketing communication mix elements will the discussed as below. In beer promotion campaign, Advertising: Advertising is the primary element in the marketing communication mix. It is common to find that majority of audiences consider advertising equal to promotion. According to Kotler and Keller (2006) Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of idea, goods or services by an identified sponsor. It is a general definition of advertising but shows the key point of characteristic which are the promotion for product or service by a sponsor. It has also been admitted that advertising is suitable to build the long term brand image and create the initial awareness. It is controversial issue to distinguish which element is the most influential one in the marketing mix. However, it still needs to be admitted that advertising take the majority part of promotion budget in the campaign regularly as well as widely reach the mass target audience. Furthermore, TV advertising would is arranged the most money because it costs more than other categories like press or radio. In other words, although advertising takes most spend of promotion, it is still the low cost for each unit person (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Therefore, from firms perspective, advertising seems to be the economical methods to reach most consumers (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Moreover, advertising can play the major role to supplement the rest of tools which efficiently enhance the awareness of campaign and increase sales. For example, it is evidential that most sales promotion messages are conveyed by advertising to reach most audiences. In addition, public relations event such as event sponsorship needs the advertising support to announce the information which also can enhance the awareness (Burnett, 1992). However, there are some limitations of advertising which have been argued. Firstly, it is hard to prove that audience would purchase the products after receiving the commercial message. In other words, the sequenced process needs to be demonstrated more evidences. (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Also, there are several vital cause which can influence the purchasing such as reasonable price, convenient location and quality product (Burnett, 1992). Therefore, advertising can be the influential facts to brand awareness and attitude. Even the direct effect for stimulating purchasing needs to be considered the relationship, it still can be the functional tools in marketing communications. Sponsorship: Sponsorship is in the sub-category of public relations which is to build a relationship and corporation image (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). The definition of sponsorship is that the firms invest the money or in kind to expect the potential revenue to achieve the marketing objectives (Meenaghan, 1991; Berrett, 1993). In recent years, sponsorship has been popular and divided from public relations to be an independent tool in the marketing communication mix which show that the use of sponsorship is increasing and more different types of sponsorship are developing (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Although most of firms keep a limited budget for sponsorship, in some sponsored activities the cost is still a great deal of money such as Carling sponsor as a title to Carling cup. Moreover, the world cup and Olympic both are the popular event which have attracted many aggressive sponsor to invest in it. It has been claimed that sport, arts, education and broadcast are the most popular categories for sponsorship (Smith and Taylor, 2004). It has been claimed that audiences can be aware of the sponsor brand and evoke the brand in the purchasing occasion which increase the brand recall and add the brand into the considered brand portfolio. The brand awareness would be higher than advertising promotion and get more involvement. Moreover, sponsor would evaluate the applicability of event which can be expected to convey the positive emotion and attitude to audiences. Therefore, sponsor expects to link the positive to their brand. In the sport, audiences also can be persuaded with the sport stars endorsement which can enhance the purchasing possibility (De Pelsmacker et al, 2004). It can be concluded that perfect sponsorship could to increase the positive attitude to sponsor and sponsored activities both. However, there are some potential risks of sponsorship which need to be noted. For example, the negative facts influence the sponsored entities which impact the sponsors directly or indirectly. It often happens in sport sponsorship like the sponsored teams or players do not play well in the match. It can be found that Carling and Guinness sponsor the different sport league not particular teams or player that would be a considered sponsorship strategies. In addition, overlapped sponsorship shows the extreme commercial image which could make audiences ignore the message (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Hence, even sponsorship cost generally would be lower than advertising, it still need to be consider punctiliously. Ensuring the sponsored objective will be achieved and can be suitable to marketing communication objective. Also, budget and effectiveness measurement have to be planned in the process. After these, to integrate sponsorship into other communication mix element will reinforce the promotion campaign effectiveness (De Pelsmacker et al, 2004). Sales Promotion: Sale promotion is a short-term promotion to stimulate the consumer buying behaviour (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). The function of sales promotion is not similar with other elements which to increase the long term relationship with consumers. It focuses to increase the sales immediately. There are two ways to achieve the sales. One of these is to encourage the current customers purchasing more products or another one is to attract the new customers attention to purchase. Therefore, it can be concluded that the features of sales promotion is to use simulative offers encourage the customers buy product in the limited time. Also, the measurement of sales promotion is easier to conduct than other communication mix tools (De Pelsmacker et al, 2004). Many tools can be used in the sales promotion such as couponing, sampling, premiums, contest and money-off. Those of instruments are planned to be used in different categories of products. Also, there are some particular sales promotion tools f or trade like point -of tail materials and merchandising. One fact which it needs to note is that sales promotion would be often implemented with advertising which can enhance the effectiveness of campaign. By using sales promotion information in advertising, it would be effective to encourage from awareness to purchase (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Even though sales promotion has been admitted to increase short-term sales influentially, the long-term effect to the brand and sales also needs to be considered. It has been stated that consumers would be used to the price reduce and disregard the quality of products. Moreover, sales promotion would offer a reference price in their mind which makes them more sensitive to the price. Therefore, sales promotion would need more striking price promotion to attract the consumer in the future (De Pelsmacker et al, 2004). In beer industry, sales promotion is often used to compete with other brewers in special period like world cup or Xmas. The re also has some regular sales promotion which tried to be incentive for consumers. In recession, sales promotion are increasingly important to the total sale and integrate more communication mix elements to boost the sales. Hence, it can be expected that more sales promotion would be emphasized in the future. Words of mouth: Word of mouths is a strong medium for marketing communication. It is difficult to contend with friends recommendation by advertising or other communication mix elements. Also, it has been claimed that consumers are more likely to change their brand preference by advice than promotion mix. Thus, by people communication, experience, reputation and recommendation can be conveyed and believed effectively. Moreover, mass media has been claimed that it is not efficient to reach the besieged audience. Words of mouth can be the tool to break the barrier (Smith and Taylor, 2004). With the development of internet, the communication channel is convenient and the information is overload. The experience and feeling can be spread extremely fast which is not like other communication mix elements that could not be measured and control simply by promoters (Berrett, 1993). Even it is complicated to control words of mouth and ensure the content of communication to the brands or products, the impressive communication mix campaign could be the topic to be discussed and increase the positive attitude (Smith and Taylor, 2004). Therefore, words of mouth would be the most influential and uncontrollable part of marketing communication mix. Hierarchy of effect models: One of the prime theories in the marketing communication framework is hierarchy of effect model which logically explains the sequential tasks of marketing message influence. On other words, it affects the consumers awareness to purchase action which is assumed that the relative step would ideally push through to next process. First process is cognitive part which means consumers have received the message and like to awareness. Second process is affective part that shows the attitude and reaction to the promotion messages have been generate in the step. The final process is behaviour part which is the actual purchase to the promoted brand (De Pelsmacker et al, 2004). According to these three main processes, many different models have been created and AIDA is one of the models and often to be referred. AIDA: AIDA model is the fundamental theory in the hierarchy of effect model. It was created by Elmo Lewis who claimed that the influential process of marketing communication can be divided into four steps: Awareness, Interest, Desire and Action. It used to be used for sales training. However, it has been the most influential theory to explain marketing communication work nowadays. The model is explained that the process how to shift consumers from the beginning of unawareness to perceived the message and shows the reaction to action (Pickton and Broderick, 2005). Firstly, awareness is that the audiences have noticed and been aware of the promotion. Then, the audiences understand and believe the messages as well as feel interested to the advertising or brands. Following this, the message arouse consumer desire to look for this advertised product or brand. Finally, consumers do the action to purchase. In addition, it has been claimed that each marketing communication mix element can be influ ential to particular step in AIDA model. Firstly, Advertising and public are suitable to build awareness to make consumers know the brand as well as feel interested for the product. However, advertising are not effective to increase the immediate purchase. Meenaghan, T. (1991) The role of sponsorship in the marketing communications mix, International Journal of Advertising, 10 (1) pp.35-47 Berrett, T (1993) The sponsorship of amateur sport-government, national sport organization and corporate perspectives, Society and leisure, 16(2), 323 346. De Pelsmacker et al, (2004) Marketing Communications: A European Perspective, 2nd ed. Essex: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Overcoming Poverty Through Enlightenment Essay example -- Enlightened

Contents Introduction Part One: Song Lyric, â€Å"Wavin’ Flag†, K’NAAN Part Two: Essay, â€Å"What is Poverty?’ by Theodore Dalrymple Part Three: Documentary, â€Å"Solar Mamas† directed by J.Noujaim & M.Eldaief Part Four: Critical Analysis Introduction In the media form of a song, â€Å"Wavin’ Flag† by K’naan, an essay, â€Å"What is Poverty?† by Theodore Dalrymple and the documentary, Solar Mamas, directed by J.Noujaim & M.Eldaief the unifying message that is relevant through all these pieces of work is that in order to overcome poverty individuals must experience enlightenment. This essay will explore this topic in great detail. Part One: Song Lyric, â€Å"Wavin’ Flag†, K’NAAN In the song Wavin’ Flag by K’naan the message that is conveyed through the lyrics is despite what hardships an individual has faced they have the ability to overcome their struggle. The author of the song, K’naan comes from a war-torn country, Somalia where a civil war has displaced his family from their home. K’naan wrote of a struggling group who faces oppression and exploitation. Through the lyrics one can see the exploitation of the individuals, â€Å"But look how they treat us, make us believers/we fight their battles, then they deceive us.†(K’naan) Marxist theory can be applied to these lyrics, as the proletariat are being exploited by the bourgeoisie as a method of profit through their labour. The people are commoditized and are treated as such, they are considered expendable so the bourgeoisie do not care for their well-being. The use of allusion is evident in the lyrics, as it refers to the Somali civil war, where the people are used to fight a war through the promise of freedom, peace, and independence. Although the proletariat has become aware of their struggle,... ...s her home and that she has to take care of her children. She later reveals that she was embarrassed to tell him the truth, and the real reason for her return was that her husband threatened to divorce her and take her children away if she did not return home. The film allows the audience to see through the perspective of the women and they are able to better understand the truth because of the different perspectives it use in comparison to the single perspective in a song or essay. Works Cited Dalrymple, Theodore. "What Is Poverty? by Theodore Dalrymple, City Journal Spring 1999."City Journal. N.p., 1999. Web. 7 Mar. 2014. K'Naan. "Wavin' Flag." Rec. 2008. Troubadour. A&M/Octone, 2009. CD. Solar Mamas. Dir. Mona Eldaief and Jehane Noujaim. Perf. Rafea Anad. DOX, 2013. Film.

Topographic Map

MS 217 Dennis Borzakov Class 723 January 15, 2013 Problem HOW IS A TOPOGRAPHIC MAP MADE Hypothesis I think that to make a topographic map you have to see the form of the object from up top. To do this you need a satellite image. These images are called aerial photographs. Using elevation calculators and ground measures cartographers then make topographic maps. Materials †¢ Clay model landform †¢ Water tinted with food coloring †¢ Transparency †¢ Clear plastic storage box with lid †¢ Beaker †¢ Metric ruler †¢ Tape †¢ Transparency marker Procedure 1.Using the ruler and the transparency marker, make marks up the side of the storage box one centimeter apart. 2. Place the clay model into the storage box. The bottom of the box will be zero elevation. 3. Secure the transparency to the top of the storage box with tape. 4. Using the beaker, pour water into the box to a height of one cm. 5. Use the transparency marker to trace the top of the water line o n the transparency. 6. Using the scale 1cm=10m, mark the elevation on the line. 7. Remove the transparency and add water until a depth of 2cm is reached. 8. Map this level on the transparency and record the elevation. . Repeat the process of adding water and tracing until you have the hill mapped on the transparency. 10. Transfer the tracing of the hill onto a white sheet of paper. 11. Use the ruler to transfer the hill from the white sheet of paper to graph paper. Analysis The counter interval of this topographic map is 1cm is equal to 10 m. The distance between contour lines on the map show steepness of a slope on the landform model because the closer the lines are the steeper the hill is, the farther apart the lines are the more the gentle the rising of the hill will be.The elevation of Hill A is 80 meters and the elevation of Hill B is 90 meters. Elevation was presented on the map by the number of counter lines. The one with the most counter lines is the taller one. Conclusion I n this experiment we took on the job of a cartographer. We graphed clay model hills to express elevation. We traced images of the forms from the transparency to the white sheet of paper to express the difference in counter lines.

How Management Teams Can Have a Good Fight Essay

Summary How management teams can have a good fight? Everyone has his own answer. Related to O.B., what’s the new answer? In the case study, we discussed about â€Å"the forgotten group member† as group. We talked about â€Å"yes or no†, â€Å"why† and â€Å"how†. Every member can have his own idea, but we must reach an agreement as our group’s conclusion. This process is called â€Å"decision making†. During this process, if all the members’ own ideas are the same, that’s perfect! But most of the time the fact is someone says â€Å"yes†, and someone says â€Å"no†, and when we met the question like â€Å"why† and â€Å"how†, the answers became even more. Then the group meets an issue named â€Å"conflict†.This article, by Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Jean L. Kahwaly, and L. J. Bourgeios â… ¢, focuses on conflict in the processes of the team decision making. Let’s return to the first questio n that how management teams can have a good fight. The business professors make their research based on observing how the groups managing the interpersonal conflicts. The research about interplay of conflict, polictics, and speed in strategic decision making by top management teams last for 10 years. The objects to be observed are 12 top-management teams in technology-based companies. As shown, in 4 of the 12 companies, there was little or no substantive disagreement over major issues and therefore little conflict to observe. And the other 8 companies experienced considerable conflict. In 4 of the 8 companies, the top-management teams handled conflict in a way that avoided interpersonal hostility or discord. Managers in those companies referred to their colleagues as smart, team player, and best in the business. They described the way they work as a team as open, fun, and productive. The managers vigorously debated the issues, but they wasted little time on politicking and posturing. The other 4 companies in which issues were contested were less successful at avoiding interpersonal conflict. The executives used words such as manipulative, secretive, burned out, and political to describe their colleagues. What made the difference between the 2 types of teams? The authors identify 6 key tactics used by all of the teams that were able to keep interpersonal conflict to a minimum. * Focus on the facts * Multiply the alternatives * Create common goals * Use humor * Balance the power structure * Seek consensus with qualification 1. Focus on the facts It means more information more better. Fact Data Fact Data Guess Opinion Guess Opinion Let’s compare the 2 groups of words: Which do you think is more personal? When we talk about the left group, mostly we summarize it as â€Å"subjective†. The right group is usually summarized as â€Å"objective†. The teams with minimal interpersonal conflicts always work with more, rather than less objective and current information and data, such as reviewed bookings, backlogs, margins, engineering milestones, cash, scrap, and work-in-process every week or every month. Some team even claims to â€Å"measure everything†. Facts encourage people to focus on issues, not personalities and let people move quickly to the central issues surrounding a strategic choice. Building decisions on facts creates a culture that emphasizes issues instead of personalities. Therefore, the debate will be much more constructive. 2. Multiply the alternatives It means more options, more better. Look at the picture, If I ask that what’s this or whether this is the sun or the moon, there are only 2 alternatives. Thus usually we easily fall into the arguments about black and white. Multiple options allow more exploration of the gray areas, and lead to more creative solutions that integrate key points of the various alternatives. Maybe you can say this is a cake, an egg, or anything else. Someone maybe consider that more choices can increase the conflict, but the research shows that multiple alternatives can lower interpersonal conflict. For one, it diffuses conflict. The individuals gain more room to vary the degree of their support over a range of choices. Managers can more easily shift positions without losing face. The team ended up combining elements of several options in a way that was more robust than any of the options were individually. 3. Create common goals It means let’s go there! A third tactic for minimizing destructive conflict involves framing strategic choices as collaborative. The successful groups we studied consistently framed their decisions as collaborations in which it was in everyone’s interest to achieve the best possible solution for the collective. During the process of decision making, when team members are working toward a common goal, they are less likely to see themselves as individual winners and losers and are far more likely to perceive the opinions of others correctly and to learn from them. For example, let’s discuss the first trip for practice. Our common goal is to go to Pattya. Then we discuss how we shall go. Shall we go there by minibus, taxi or airline? But if someone wants to go to Rayong and another wants to go to Huahin, a lot of time will be wasted in the argument. So, the common goals do not imply homogeneous thinking, but they do let everyone share a vision. 4. Use humor It means Inject humor into the decision process. In our class, there is a very cute and funny guy, his name is Pop. Every time when we do the case discussion in-class, every time when Pop raises his hand, what do you guys expect? For me, I am ready to smile or laugh. So what is the influence of laugh? * We will have good mood. * The pressures will be lower. * We can get the information from others more easily than in the stressful situations. According to the research, people in a positive mood tend to be not only more optimistic but also more forgiving of others and creative in seeking solutions. So when our group tries to make a decision, such positive mood will trigger a more accurate perception of others’ argument, because people in a good mood tend to relax their defensive barriers and so can listen more effective. Humor works as defense mechanism to protect people from the stressful and threatening situations that commonly arise in the course of making strategic decisions. 5. Balance the power structure It means (focus on equity) to create a sense of fairness by balancing power with in the management team. Most people will accept decisions they disagree with if they feel the process was fair. In the balanced power structures, the CEO is still more powerful than the other members of the top-management team, but the members do wield substantial power, especially in their own well-defined areas of responsibility. The teams with high interpersonal conflict are mostly found that the leaders are autocratic or weak. 6. Seek consensus with qualification It means give the chance to everyone to bring his idea. In the process of decision making, the teams that managed conflicts effectively all used a two step process that is called consensus with qualification that is when the teams meet an issue, the members will talk over it and try to reach consensus. If they can, the decision is made. If they can’t, the most relevant senior manager makes the decision, guided by input from the rest of the group. Individuals are willing to accept outcomes they dislike if they believe that the process by which those results came about was fair. So how does consensus with qualification create a sense of fairness? Most people just want their opinions to be considered seriously but to prevail. So just encourage everyone to bring ideas to the table. If the members can effectively join the process of decision making, the interpersonal conflict will be minimized. Linking conflict, speed, and performance The healthy conflict can make better decision and make the teams move more quickly as well. Without conflict, groups lose their effectiveness and lower performance. Managers often become withdrawn and only superficially harmonious. So let’s return to the first question that †how management teams can have a good fight?† The key to doing so is to mitigate interpersonal conflict. Well, how teams argue but still get along? That’s the content of this presentation. Tactic| Strategy| 1.Base discussion on current, factual information| Focus on issues, not personalities| 2.Develop multiple alternatives to enrich the debate| | 3.Rally around goals| Frame decisions as collaborations aimed at achieving the best possible solution for the company| 4.Inject humor into the decision-making process| | 5.Maintain balanced power structure| Establish a sense of fairness and equity in the process| 6.Resolve issues without forcing consensus| | Critique Overall evaluation This is an article with clear thinking. The authors got their conclusion through long time research based on objective observe and numerous data, which is the way that analyzing the problem and exploring the root of the problem. How management teams can have a good fight? Effective decision making, implement it positively How to deal with the conflict during the decision making process? Manage interpersonal conflict effectively How to manage interpersonal conflict effectively? 6 tactics— Focus on the facts Multiply the alternatives Create common goals Use humor Balance the power structure Seek consensus with qualification The 6 tactics that the authors summarized are very direct and crucial. They seize the key of the problem-solving. During the process of discussing each tactic, they demonstrate the point by real case and data which are very convincing. In the last part of the article, the authors link conflict, speed, and performance to form a path of solving problem, the title of the article is got the answer. After reading this article, my gain involves 3 aspects as following: First, the article answered the question about how to manage the conflicts during the process of group’s decision making. During the decision making process by groups, it’s normal and natural that the group encountered disagreements and conflicts. The critical thing of decision making by groups is to managing the conflicts. After reading the article, I have got the clear answer to solve the problem. Second, â€Å"how management teams can have a good fight† is a complicate subject. However the authors analyzed the issue and finally focused on a small and crucial topic to solve the problem. Understand such professional ways to analyze problem is very useful for me. It inspires me that â€Å"questioned—explore the root of the question—research—analyze—generalize and related to the major subject†. Finally, the method used by the authors that gathering data and analyzing with the objective facts are very objective and scientific. It’s also very valuable for me. Weakness When I finished the article reading, I have a question, maybe I shouldn’t not describe it as weakness. Among the 12 management teams in technology-based companies which the authors observed and researched, 8 companies that experienced considerable conflicts, which is the main data source for research. For the other 4 companies, because there was little or no substantive disagreement over major issues and therefore were not discussed. In my opinion, if the major goal of the research is only to discussing the conflict from decision making by groups, then there are no problem that the authors did not discuss the case of these 4 companies, because the case have no value for the research. But, the authors are trying to discuss how management teams can have a good fight. And actually the case of these 4 companies also occupies one-third of the feedback data. It exists there indeed. However it was not mentioned by the authors in the article. I am curious about the case that there was little or no substantive disagreement over major issues, why the disagreement is so little? What situation will it lead to? Will it also make the organization to have a good performance and get a good fight? If the authors had talked about this, we would get clearer idea.

Evolution Essays - Evolutionary Biology, Biological Evolution

Evolution Essays - Evolutionary Biology, Biological Evolution Evolution The origins of mankind is an extremely controversial issue within todays society. Scientists have a host of different theories pertaining to mans inhabitance of earth. Many disagreements arise between scientists who have different beliefs pertaining to where and how mankind arose. One such argument is the conflict involving the theory of evolution versus the theory of creation. After extensive scientific research, it is apparent that the theory of evolution is correct. Evolution is the theory that life arose by natural processes at an early stage of the earths history and that complex organisms developed from simpler organisms by a process of slow change (Coren 209). Its the idea that new species arise from older species after thousands of years of gradual chemical, environmental, and genetic change (Coren 142). Evolution can also be described as the complex processes by which living organisms originated on earth and have been diversified and modified through sustained changes in form and function (Evolution). Scientists, looking for an explanation to the origin of man and other organisms created this evolutionism theory, which also presented answers to the many asked questions dealing with similarities between species. Unlike the theory of creation, which states that the complexity of life and different species can only be explained in terms of a supernatural creator or god who placed life on earth, the theory of evolution has a plethora of evidence proving it to be true (Creation). There are several different types of observations that support the theory of organic evolution as an explanation for the similarities and the differences among species. One such observation is in the geologic record. The geologic record is the rock scheme found within the earths outer crust. By means of radioactive dating, the ages of rocks in many places on earth have been determined. Its a timetable of the earths geologic history. This combined with the fossil record, another observation supporting the evolutionary hypothesis, has produced an apparent sequence of life forms from most simple to most complex during the history of the planet. Fossils are any remains or traces of a once-living organism, which are formed by preservation, petrifaction, or sedimentation. Organisms can be preserved and protected against decay by being trapped in amber, tar, or frozen in ice. The hard parts of an organism, such as shells or bones, can be preserved when the flesh of an organism has decayed a way. In other cases, materials of a dead organism may be gradually washed away and replaced by minerals from the water causing the organism to petrify, or harden. Imprints, molds, or casts left by an organism after it is enclosed in sedimentary rock and decomposed are also fossils, as well as footprints and tracks. The fossil record is the timetable of fossils found in within the earths geologic record. Since the upper layers of sedimentary rocks are assumed to have been laid down over lower layers, the upper layers are younger than those deeper into the earth. Therefore, fossils found within the upper layers are also younger than those found within the lower layers. This combination of geologic and fossil records shows the progression of species as time also progressed (Coren 142). In reiterating the definition of evolution, we are reminded that gradual changes in one life forms anatomy, cytology, embryology, or biochemistry could cause for a new species to originate. Similarities in these categories link species together and are therefore studied to support evolutionism. In comparing anatomy, the structures of different organisms often show unexpected similarities. Cell organelles, such as cell membranes, ribosomes, and other structures found within cells, are also similar in organisms of all kinds, showing that comparative cytology can also shows signs of evolution. When comparing the embryos of different organisms, comparative embryology, similarities can be seen in early stages of embryos that are completely different at maturity. Finally, comparative biochemistry, which is the comparing of biochemical compounds, such as amino acids, can also show similarities in species, reinforcing the idea of evolution (Coren 143). As curiosity rose throughout much of the world, scientists began to question the existence of organisms and why some are so alike in so many ways and so diverse as well. Several theories have been proposed in

The Sandplay Therapy Process. Images of the Self (Estelle L. Weinrib) Essay

The Sandplay Therapy Process. Images of the Self (Estelle L. Weinrib) 2004 Review - Essay Example The children and their metal status decide their life and their behavior. The author relates the theories proposed by scientists like Neumann and Jung are portrayed in such a way that the reader gets a complete idea about the sandplay treatment. The theory of Neumann concentrates more on the psychological aspects of a person. The psychic development and its effects are clearly depicted and the consciousness level of a person is also explained. (Weinrib, 2004).The author also provides information about the development in childhood. The major part of childhood development relies on the psychological factors and they in turn decide the character of the children. Children's ego must be developed in a healthy environment since the environment where the children grow play a vital part in their life. The psychological factors and the role they play in a child's life are referred with the help of Jung's theories. Jung's theories were based on the connection between the unconscious self. The sandplay which was first found by Dr.Margaret, was considered to be the best treatment that identified the problems in the children. Sandplay treatment did not make use of any explicit medical equipment. It treated the children in such a way that the result was effective. The author stroke the difference between the normal verbal treatment and the sandplay treatment. ... Psychology was an important concept and the doctors had to strike a balance between these factors and the emotions. The deeper thoughts and mental states were examined before the beginning of the treatment. The mentality of the children and their mental state has been clearly defined in the book. The author has emphasized on the fact that the child's feelings and emotions can be caught with the help of sandplay. (Weinrib, 2004).The treatment initially began from the idea of Dr.Margaret with an effort to treat children without disturbing their mental status. Since the psychological part of a person decides their life, the treatment concentrated more on those aspects. Sandplay Treatment Sandplay treatment helped people to express their anger, fear and other emotions. The treatment also helped them to get back to their normal status within a very short period of time. Jung's theory also stated that the other issues related to developmental problems and behavioral attributes were also resolved using this treatment. The major goal of Jung's therapy was to help the children to become normal without any psychological disorders. After its introduction, the treatment became popular within a short period and most of the doctors preferred this type of treatment. The effort of Jung became successful and thus the problem that prevailed was resolved easily. The concept of this treatment was derived from the way the children expressed their feelings while handling the miniatures. Children who played with miniature dolls showed their anger and frustration which they had with their family members or with their friends. They

UC transfer personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

UC transfer - Personal Statement Example Volunteering in the computer club of my college gave me a deep insight in the extensive world of computers. I have a strong flare to work for social causes such as charity work which provides me with inner satisfaction and peace of mind. I feel proud to mention that I have been deeply involved in causes such as helping my professor clear trash on the beach several times. The complexity of computing and its use in the real world fascinates me, like helping the human genome plan for technical development, algorithmic skills for raising the effectiveness of economical markets to generating the digital transformation from the internet to other equipments that are wireless. Owing to my keen fascination with the subject I have had the advantages of reading some books on programming on my own which includes â€Å"The art of computer programming† by Donald Kuthe by Harold Abelson and Gerald Jay Sussman and â€Å"Programming pearls† by Jon Bentley. These books have provided me w ith a thorough knowledge of programming software and computing. I plan to have computing as my major in the university as my deep interest in the subject would guide me towards a bright future. Being a cool, calm and collected person, I take pleasure in the challenge of solving problem with explicit answers. My inventiveness assists me in accepting innovative ideas, these aspects of my personality compels me towards the field of computing and programming. As Gail Devers said â€Å"Keep your dreams alive. Understand to achieve anything requires faith and belief in yourself, vision, hard work, determination and dedication. Remember all things are possible for those who believe† I want to live my dream of leading a successful career in computing. Before enrolling in the Santa Barbara, I first studied in a language school called â€Å"Kaplan† for five months. For the past two years in SBCC I have